近日，一项针对健康中年人的大规模研究发现，核磁共振成像观察到的内脏脂肪和皮下脂肪越多，其脑萎缩越严重，且在女性中更为显著。
🤔️小作业：
1. Which types of fat did the study examine in relation to brain volume?
A) Saturated and unsaturated fat.
B) Visceral and subcutaneous fat.
C) Brown and white fat.
D) Trans and monounsaturated fat.
2. What did the researchers suggest as a potential intervention based on their findings?
A) Immediate surgical removal of abdominal fat.
B) Ignoring abdominal fat as it has a minimal effect on brain volume.
C) Targeting abdominal fat reduction to maintain brain health.
D) Increasing abdominal fat in certain populations for better cognitive function.
无注释原文：
Abdominal Fat Linked to Lower Brain Volume in Midlife
From: Medscape
New research provides strong evidence of an association between abdominal fat and reduced brain volumes, particularly those involved with cognitive function.
In large study of healthy middle-aged adults, greater visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat on abdominal MRI predicted brain atrophy on imaging, especially in women.
"The study shows that excess fat is bad for the brain and worse in women, including in Alzheimer's disease risk regions," lead author Cyrus Raji, MD, PhD, with the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, told Medscape Medical News.
The study was published online August 28 in the journal Aging and Disease.
Modifiable Risk Factor
Multiple studies have suggested a connection between body fat accumulation and increased dementia risk. But few have examined the relationship between types of fat (visceral and subcutaneous) and brain volume.
For the new study, 10,000 healthy adults aged 20-80 years (mean age, 52.9 years; 53% men) underwent a short whole-body MRI protocol. Regression analyses of abdominal fat types and normalized brain volumes were evaluated, controlling for age and sex.
The research team found that higher amounts of both visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat predicted lower total gray and white matter volume, as well as lower volume in the hippocampus, frontal cortex, and temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes.
"The findings are quite dramatic," Raji told Medscape Medical News. "Overall, we found that both subcutaneous and visceral fat has similar levels of negative relationships with brain volumes."
Women had a higher burden of brain atrophy with increased visceral fat than men. However, it's difficult to place the sex differences in context due to the lack of prior work specifically investigating visceral fat, brain volume loss, and sex differences, the researchers caution.
They also note that while statistically significant relationships were observed between visceral fat levels and gray matter volume changes, their effect sizes were generally small.
Other limitations include the cross-sectional nature of the study, which precludes conclusions about causality. The analysis also did not account for other lifestyle factors such as physical activity, diet, and genetic variables.
The researchers call for further investigation "to better elucidate underlying mechanisms and discover possible interventions targeting abdominal fat reduction as a strategy to maintain brain health."
- ◆ -
注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为机器翻译并非一一对应，仅供参考
含注释全文：
Abdominal Fat Linked to Lower Brain Volume in Midlife
From: Medscape
New research provides strong evidence of an association betweenabdominalfat and reduced brainvolumes, particularly those involved withcognitivefunction.
新研究有力地证明了腹部脂肪与脑容量减少之间存在关联，尤其是与认知功能相关的区域。
abdominal
abdominal /æbˈdɒmɪnəl/ 表示“腹部的”，英文解释为“Abdominal is used to describe something that is situated in the abdomen or forms part of it.”
volume
volume /ˈvɒl.juːm/ 1）表示“总数；总量；总额”，英文解释为“the number or amount of something in general”举个🌰：It's the sheer volume of traffic in the city that is causing the problems. 造成这些问题的就是城里的交通流量。
2）表示“容积；体积；容量”，英文解释为“the amount of space that is contained within an object or solid shape”举个🌰：Which of these bottles do you think has the greater volume? 你认为这些瓶子中哪个容积最大？
3）表示“卷；册”，英文解释为“one in a set of related books”也可以表示“书”，英文解释为“a book”如：如：a volume of poetry 一本诗集，举个🌰：She took a slim volume down from the shelf. 她从书架上取下一本很薄的书。
4）表示“音量；音量调节钮”，英文解释为“the level of sound produced by a television, radio, etc., or the switch or other device controlling this”举个🌰：Could you turn the volume down, please, I'm trying to sleep. 你能把音量调低些吗？我要睡觉。
cognitive
cognitive /ˈkɒɡ.nə.tɪv/ 表示“认知的；感知的；认识的”，英文解释为“Cognitive means relating to the mental process involved in knowing, learning, and understanding things.”举个🌰：As children grow older, their cognitive processes become sharper. 随着孩子们长大，他们的认知过程也变得越来越敏锐了。
In large study of healthy middle-aged adults, greatervisceralandsubcutaneousabdominal fat on abdominalMRI predictedbrainatrophyon imaging, especially in women.
在一项针对健康中年人的大规模研究中，核磁共振成像观察到的内脏脂肪和腹部皮下脂肪越多，其脑萎缩越严重，且在女性中更为显著。
visceral
visceral /ˈvɪs.ər.əl/ 1）表示“发自内心的；发自肺腑的”，英文解释为“based on deep feeling and emotional reactions rather than on reason or thought”举个🌰：His approach to acting is visceral rather than intellectual. 他的表演重真情实感，而不是只讲技巧。
2）表示“内脏；脏腑”，英文解释为“relating to the large organs inside the body, including the heart, stomach, lungs, and intestines”
subcutaneous
subcutaneous /ˌsʌb.kjuˈteɪ.ni.əs/ 表示“皮下的”，英文解释为“existing under the skin”如：subcutaneous fat/muscle 皮下脂肪/肌肉。
MRI
Magnetic Resonance Imaging，表示“磁共振成像；核磁共振成像”，英文解释为“a method of using a strong magnetic field to produce an image of the inside of a person's body”
predict
predict /prɪˈdɪkt/ 表示“预言；预料，预计”，英文解释为“to say that an event or action will happen in the future, especially as a result of knowledge or experience”举个🌰：It's still not possible to accurately predict the occurrence of earthquakes. 现在仍无法准确预报地震的发生。
atrophy
atrophy /ˈæt.rə.fi/ 表示“（身体部位）萎缩；衰退”，英文解释为“(of a part of the body) to be reduced in size and therefore strength, or, more generally, to become weaker”举个🌰：After several months in a hospital bed, my leg muscles had atrophied. 我在医院病床上呆了几个月后，腿部肌肉已经萎缩了。
"The study shows thatexcessfat is bad for the brain and worse in women, including in Alzheimer's disease risk regions," lead authorCyrus Raji, MD, PhD, with the Mallinckrodt Institute ofRadiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, told Medscape Medical News.
该项研究的第一作者、密苏里州圣路易斯华盛顿大学马林克罗特放射学研究所（Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology）赛勒斯·拉吉博士（Cyrus Raji）在接受Medscape医学新闻采访时表示，“这项研究表明，过多的脂肪对大脑有害，对女性更有害，包括阿尔茨海默病风险区域。”
excess
excess /ɪkˈses/ 表示“过多的；多余的，额外的”，英文解释为“extra”举个🌰：Cut off any excess pastry and put it to one side. 切掉多余的馅饼皮，放在一边。
radiology
radiology /ˌreɪ.diˈɒl.ə.dʒi/ 表示“（尤指研究X射线辐射的）放射学；放射医学”，英文解释为“the scientific study of the medical use of radiation, especially X-rays”
The study was published online August 28 in the journal Aging and Disease.
该研究于8月28日在《衰老与疾病》（Aging and Disease）期刊上在线发表。
Modifiable Risk Factor 可调整的风险因素
Multiple studies have suggested a connection between body fataccumulationand increaseddementiarisk. But few have examined the relationship between types of fat (visceral and subcutaneous) and brain volume.
多项研究表明，体内脂肪堆积与痴呆风险增加之间存在关联。但很少有人研究过脂肪类型（内脏脂肪和皮下脂肪）与脑容量之间的关系。
accumulation
accumulation /əˌkjuː.mjəˈleɪ.ʃən/ 表示“积累；积聚；积攒”，英文解释为“an amount of something that has been collected”举个🌰：Despite this accumulation of evidence, the government persisted in doing nothing. 尽管种种迹象不断出现，政府仍然坚持不采取任何行动。
dementia
dementia /dɪˈmenʃə/ 表示“（尤指老年性）痴呆”，英文解释为“a medical condition that affects especially old people, causing the memory and other mental abilities to gradually become worse, and leading to confused behaviour”
For the new study, 10,000 healthy adults aged 20-80 years (mean age, 52.9 years; 53% men)underwenta short whole-body MRIprotocol.Regressionanalyses of abdominal fat types and normalized brain volumes were evaluated, controlling for age and sex.
在这项新研究中，10,000名20-80岁的健康成年人（平均年龄52.9岁；53%为男性）接受了简短的全身核磁共振成像检查。在控制年龄和性别的情况下，对腹部脂肪类型和标准化脑容量进行了回归分析。
undego
undergo /ˌʌn.dəˈɡəʊ/ 表示“经历，经受（令人不快的事或变化） ”，英文解释为“to experience something that is unpleasant or something that involves a change”举个🌰：Playing board games is undergoing a revival in popularity. 棋盘游戏正经历着一场复兴。
🎬电影《白日梦想家》（The Secret Life of Walter Mitty）中的台词提到：But as we undergo this transition to LIFE online... we wanted to be candid with you... 但由于我们处于"生活"杂志网络化的过渡期...所以我们想明白告诉你们...
protocol
protocol /ˈprəʊ.tə.kɒl/ 1）表示“规程，协议（计算机之间交换信息的计算机语言）”，英文解释为“a computer language allowing computers that are connected to each other to communicate”
2）表示“礼仪；外交礼节”，英文解释为“a system of fixed rules and formal behaviour used at official meetings, usually between governments”如：a breach of protocol 违反外交礼节。
3）表示“（正式的国际性）条约，公约，议定书”，英文解释为“a formal international agreement”举个🌰：The Geneva Protocol of 1925 prohibits the use of poisonous gases in war. 1925年通过的《日内瓦公约》禁止在战争中使用有毒气体。
4）表示“科学实验计划；医疗方案”，英文解释a plan for performing a scientific experiment or medical treatment”
regression
regression /rɪˈɡreʃ.ən/ 表示“（病症）消退”，英文解释为“the fact of an illness or its symptoms (= effects) becoming less severe”举个🌰：The treatment was more effective than tamoxifen, which causes complete regression in only about 30% of cases. 这种治疗比他莫昔芬更为有效，只有约30%的患者在接受他莫昔芬治疗后病症完全消退。
2）表示“回归（分析）”，英文解释为“A regression is a statistical technique that relates a dependent variable to one or more independent (explanatory) variables.”
The research team found that higher amounts of both visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat predicted lower total gray and white matter volume, as well as lower volume in the hippocampus, frontal cortex, and temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes.
研究团队发现，内脏脂肪和腹部皮下脂肪含量越高，预示着灰质和白质越少，海马体、额叶、颞叶、顶叶和枕叶的体积也越小。
"The findings are quite dramatic,"Rajitold Medscape Medical News. "Overall, we found that both subcutaneous and visceral fat has similar levels of negative relationships with brain volumes."
拉吉博士表示：“研究结果非常引人注目。总体而言，我们发现皮下脂肪和内脏脂肪与脑容量的负相关程度相似。”
Women had a higher burden of brain atrophy with increased visceral fat than men. However, it's difficult to place the sex differences in context due to the lack of prior work specifically investigating visceral fat, brain volume loss, and sex differences, the researcherscaution.
内脏脂肪增加时，女性出现脑萎缩的风险高于男性。不过，研究人员提醒说，由于此前缺乏专门研究内脏脂肪、脑容量减少和性别差异的工作，因此很难将性别差异放在此背景下进行分析。
caution
caution /ˈkɔː.ʃən/ 作名词，表示“谨慎，小心，慎重”，英文解释为“great care and attention”举个🌰：We need to proceed with/exercise caution (= be careful in taking action, making decisions, etc.) 我们必须谨慎行事。
作动词，表示“告诫，提醒”，英文解释为“to warn someone”举个🌰：The newspaper cautioned its readers against buying shares without getting good advice first. 报纸告诫读者事先没有获得好的建议，不要购买股票。
They also note that whilestatisticallysignificant relationships were observed between visceral fat levels and gray matter volume changes, their effect sizes were generally small.
他们还指出，虽然观察到内脏脂肪水平与灰质体积变化之间的关系在统计学上具有显著性，但其影响通常较小。
statistically
statistically /stəˈtɪs.tɪ.kəl.i/ 表示“统计学上”，英文解释为“in a way that relates to statistics”举个🌰：Researchers would not view this survey as being statistically valid. 研究人员不会认为这项调查在统计上是有效的。
Other limitations include thecross-sectionalnature of the study, whichprecludesconclusions aboutcausality. The analysis also did not account for other lifestyle factors such as physical activity, diet, and genetic variables.
其他局限性包括该研究属于横断面研究，无法得出因果关系的结论。分析也没有考虑到其他生活方式因素，如体育活动、饮食和遗传等。
cross-section
cross-section /ˈkrɒs.sek.ʃən/ 1）表示“横截面（图），横断面（图），剖面（图）”，英文解释为“something that has been cut in half so that you can see the inside, or a model or picture of this”如：a cross-section of the human heart 人体心脏剖面图；
2）表示“典型，代表”，英文解释为“a small group that represents all of the different types within the total group”
📍cross-sectional study，横断面研究/调查是通过对特定时点和特定范围内人群中的疾病或健康状况和有关因素的分布状况的资料收集、描述，从而为进一步的研究提供病因线索。
preclude
preclude /prɪˈkluːd/ 表示“排除，防止，杜绝；阻碍”，英文解释为“to prevent something or make it impossible, or prevent someone from doing something”如：防止市场垄断 preclude the forming of market monopolies，举个🌰：His contract precludes him from discussing his work with anyone outside the company. 合同中禁止他与公司外的人谈论工作。
causality
causality /kɔːˈzæl.ə.ti/ 表示“因果律，因果论（即万事皆有其因）”，英文解释为“the principle that there is a cause for everything that happens”
The researchers call for further investigation "to betterelucidate underlyingmechanisms and discover possibleinterventionstargeting abdominal fat reduction as a strategy to maintain brain health."
研究人员呼吁进行深入研究，“以更好地阐明潜在的机制，并发现可能的干预措施，以减少腹部脂肪为目标，作为维持大脑健康的策略。”
elucidate
elucidate /ɪˈluːsɪˌdeɪt/ | 表示“阐明；解释”，英文解释为“to explain something or make something clear”举个🌰：I don't understand. You'll have to elucidate. 我不懂，你得解释一下。
underlying
underlying /ˌʌn.dəˈlaɪ.ɪŋ/ 1）表示“暗含的；深层的；潜在的”，英文解释为“real but not immediately obvious”举个🌰：And what might be the underlying significance of these supposedly random acts? 这些看似偶然的行为，其暗含的意义可能是什么呢？
2）表示“以…为基础的”，英文解释为“used to describe something on which something else is based”举个🌰：The price of the investment fell below the value of the underlying assets. 这一投资项目的价格已经跌至低于标的资产价值。
intervention
intervention /ˌɪn.təˈven.ʃən/ 表示“干涉，介入；（由家庭成员、朋友或医护人员共同开会劝导有酗酒或毒瘾问题者接受现实并开始治疗的）干预活动”，英文解释为“Intervention is the act of intervening in a situation. A meeting at which someone with a drug or alcohol problem is asked by family members, friends, or health workers to accept the fact that they have a problem and is encouraged to get treatment”
- 词汇盘点 -
abdominal、volume、cognitive、visceral、subcutaneous、MRI、predict、atrophy、excess、radiology、accumulation、dementia、undego、protocol、regression、caution、statistically、cross-section、preclude、causality、elucidate、underlying、intervention
- 词汇助记 By ChatGPT -
In a radiology study, MRI protocols predict dementia by measuring abdominal volume. Cognitive regression and visceral, subcutaneous fat accumulation undergo statistical analysis. Caution is advised as cross-section data preclude causality but elucidate the underlying intervention's necessity for atrophy.
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